Amy Hasinoff from the University of Colorado Denver compared the advice on consent provided in popular online lifestyle magazines’ general sex-advice articles and those geared specifically to sexting. She was particularly interested in discovering whether the “digital mediation” of interpersonal sexual communication changed views about how, when, and if consent should be secured. Hasinoff reveals her conclusions in the National Communication Association’s journal, Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies.

“The sex advice articles rarely mention the importance of seeking consent, and when they reference communication between partners, this vital practice is presented as an optional enhancement to sex,” observes Hasinoff. “In fact, the majority of the general sex advice articles simply describes sexual techniques and do not have any communication or consent advice at all.”

In contrast, encouraging good communication and securing consent are more common in the advice directed to would-be sexters. “In particular, the sexting advice often notes that sexting can enhance an intimate connection, enable sexual connection between people who are physically apart, make it easier to express one’s sexual desires, [or] can serve as a form of flirting or foreplay in anticipation of an in-person sexual encounter,” she writes.

Hasinoff also notes that unwanted sexts could harm or harass the recipient, and that a sender’s privacy must be respected. Because it is difficult for people to see or anticipate the consequences of their actions when sexting, romantic partners are regularly advised to be “cautious rather than cavalier when sending sexual content.”

“The general sex advice tends to rely on the conventional model that implicit consent is easily ascertained,” Hasinoff concludes. “But since texting often involves a lack of body language cues or immediate feedback, sexting tips writers seem to perceive a greater potential for ambiguity or miscommunication.”

“This disrupts the usual assumptions about consent, and in their place, the popular online sexting advice instead advocates for some elements of an affirmative consent standard by cautioning that sexters must not take consent for granted.”