The smoke rising from Europe’s streets is no longer just about inflation, unemployment or failing public services. Violent unrest in France and Belgium, involving young people from Muslim backgrounds, has reignited a fierce debate over immigration, religious identity and integration. Attacks on police, arson and looting have deepened fears of a widening divide between immigrant communities and their host societies. The questions are unavoidable. Where did multiculturalism go wrong? Is religious discontent fuelling the unrest, or have governments failed to integrate newcomers? And how can Europe restore order without sacrificing its democratic values?
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